Infectious Disease

Philip Bryan of the University of Maryland will use an engineered protease to destroy a specific Plasmodium surface protein that is essential in host cell invasion.

Ellen Vitetta of University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas is developing a new vaccine platform that will utilize synthetic B cell epitope mimetics (peptoids) conjugated to protein carriers to make vaccines that will induce robust, specific, and protective antibody responses against pathogens.

Barbara Kazmierczak of Yale University will test whether changes in the bacteria that naturally reside in human bowels affect vaccine responsiveness.

With evidence that RNA interference is a component of virus infection resistance, Andrew Fire of Stanford University will seek to understand how RNAi can function as a natural antiviral mechanism, and how such analysis can enable the design of antiviral interventions.

Eduardo Trombetta of New York University will study whether reducing the ability of lysomes to digest protein antigens in vaccines could enhance the vaccine's ability to elicit antibody and T cell responses.

Using thermostable nanoparticles as a delivery mechanism, Yasmin Thanavala of Health Research Inc and Roswell Park Cancer Institute in the U.S. will work to develop a single dose vaccine that can be given as close to birth as possible to protect against multiple diseases.

CPS conjugated vaccines, such as those used to combat pneumonia, are difficult and expensive to produce. George Wang of Ohio State University will use bacteria engineered to express CPS, the carrier protein and a key enzyme which will bind the two together in an effort to develop a simpler and more economically feasible method of vaccine production.

To interrupt reproduction of the malaria parasite in the mosquito gut, Greg Garcia and Sheetij Dutta of Walter Reed Army Institute of Research seek to identify and block a gametocyte stage receptor for xanthreunic acid, which is known to trigger the differentiation of gametocytes, an essential step in the life-cycle of the malaria parasite.

Saurabh Gupta and Ron Weiss of Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the U.S. proposed creating sentinel cells that can detect the presence of a pathogen, report its identity with a biological signal, and secrete molecules to destroy it. This project's Phase I research demonstrated that commensal bacteria can be engineered to detect and specifically kill the model bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Matthew Fuchter and collaborators at Imperial College London in the United Kingdom proposes to test whether a novel chemical produced in some fungus species can control enzymes that control immune escape mechanisms in malaria parasites. If successful, this approach may not only force the parasite to present many surface proteins that are normally absent and stimulate a powerful immune response, but could also directly kill malaria parasites.